Summer strategies for livestock

11:16 p.m. June 18, 2025

WILL THOMAS
UT Extension Agent

As we settle into the heart of summer, producers across Moore County should turn their attention to three key areas that can significantly impact animal performance and forage management: hay quality testing, fire ant control, and preventing heat stress in livestock. Each of these topics has long-term implications for animal health, forage utilization, and overall profitability.

Let’s begin with hay quality testing. Many producers understandably rely on visual indicators when evaluating hay color, texture, smell, or leafiness. While these characteristics can offer some insight, they don’t tell the whole story. A visually appealing bale might be lacking in critical nutrients. Conversely, a slightly weathered bale might still meet animal requirements.

Hay testing through a certified forage lab provides precise data on several key metrics, including crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). You can use these values to determine whether your hay is suitable for maintenance diets or if you need to provide additional supplementation for growing, lactating, or breeding animals.

Crude protein is essential for muscle development and milk production. At the same time, TDN measures the available energy, which is critical for growth and body condition.

High levels of ADF and NDF can reduce digestibility and intake, particularly in older animals. In practical terms, this means knowing whether your hay will support a dry beef cow through the season or if it falls short for high-producing goats or horses.

The UT Extension Office offers hay probes and sampling bags, and we’re happy to assist with both the collection and interpretation process. Given the rising cost of supplements and feed, a $17 forage test can help you make informed decisions that save money and improve animal health.

Moving on to fire ant control, the growing presence of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) is becoming a serious issue for Moore County landowners, particularly in pastures and hayfields. These aggressive ants build large, hardened mounds that interfere with hay equipment, pose a risk to newborn calves and kids, and reduce usable grazing space. Their sting is painful to both humans and animals.

Managing fire ants

Fire ant management is most effective when done proactively, using broadcast bait treatments followed by targeted mound applications as needed. The most effective baits contain active ingredients such as hydramethylnon, which disrupts energy metabolism in worker ants; methoprene or pyriproxyfen, which act as insect growth regulators that prevent the colony from reproducing; and indoxacarb, a fast-acting compound effective in reducing large populations.

These baits are best applied when ants are actively foraging – typically in the late afternoon or early evening. They should be spread evenly across the affected area, not just sprinkled on top of mounds. Mound-specific treatments are beneficial for high-traffic or sensitive areas, such as near barns or equipment storage facilities.

Effective active ingredients for mound treatments include spinosad, a natural fermentation product; bifenthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid with residual control; and acephate, an organophosphate that kills ants quickly through contact and ingestion.

When treating pastures or hayfields, always verify that the product is labeled for use in grazing or forage systems to avoid withholding periods or accidental contamination. Regular re-treatment may be necessary in mid-to-late summer, especially if conditions remain warm and wet.

Heat stress = health risk

Finally, livestock heat stress is one of the most overlooked but potentially most damaging summer health risks. When temperatures climb into the 90s and humidity rises, animals struggle to dissipate heat effectively.

Unlike humans, many livestock species rely more on respiration than sweating to regulate their body temperature, making high humidity hazardous. Cattle begin experiencing mild heat stress when the heat index exceeds 80 degrees. Signs include heavy panting, drooling, standing rather than lying down and gathering in shady or wet areas.

Goats and sheep may show similar signs and often isolate themselves or stop grazing altogether. Horses experiencing heat stress usually sweat profusely, show a rapid heart rate, and may become disoriented. Poultry, which are especially sensitive, will spread their wings, pant, reduce feed intake, and may experience drops in egg production or even mortality during severe heat waves.

Preventing heat stress starts with access to clean, cool water, which is the most critical factor. Place troughs or buckets in shaded areas and provide enough to meet the animals’ daily needs. A beef cow, for example, may drink
up to 20-30 gallons of water per day in extreme heat.

Shade structures – whether from trees or from tarps, barns, or lean-tos – can help reduce body temperatures and promote normal behavior. In confinement systems, fans, sprinklers, or misting systems can enhance airflow and lower the ambient temperature.

Avoid moving or processing animals during peak heat hours, typically between 1–5 p.m. If handling is unavoidable, work early in the morning or after sunset to minimize exposure to the sun. You can also supplement rations with electrolytes, especially for poultry and young animals, to help maintain hydration and mineral balance.

Monitoring animals closely during this time, especially older animals or those with health issues, is crucial. Early intervention can prevent costly losses and long-term setbacks in animal performance.

Available assistance

Whether you’re evaluating your hay supply, trying to get a handle on fire ants, or preparing your livestock for the heat of summer, proactive steps now can make a big difference in how your operation performs through July and August.

For hay probes, pest control guidance, or livestock care recommendations, the UT Extension Office is here to support you. Don’t hesitate to call (931-759-7163), email (wthoma32@utk.edu), or stop by (County Building).

Will Thomas is an Extension Agent with the Moore County Extension Office. The U.T. Extension Office of Moore County offers programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, age, national origin, veteran status, or disability.